SELAMAT DATANG SESI PERSEKOLAHAN 2012

Buat pelajar-pelajar tingkatan 5 tahun 2012....selamat kembali ke sekolah. Semoga tahun ini lebih baik dari tahun lepas. Tahun ini merupakan tahun yang penting untuk anda semua. Berilah 100% komitmen anda pada pelajaran. Gandakan usaha...kurangkan kontrovesi...tingkatkan prestasi. Kita tutup buku lama...kita buka buku baru yang lebih terbilang. Insyaallah....'Kimia Itu Mudah'.

 Cg Zulhizad...

ACIDS

Monoprotic acids -  one H+ ion per molecule acid. exp : HCl , HNO3

Diprotic acid - two H+ ions per molecule acid. exp :  H2SO4

ACIDS AND BASES

•The strength of an acid depends on the degree of ionisation the acid in water.

•

•A WEAK ACID is only partially ionised in water.

An example is ethanoic acid.

•every 100 CH3COOH molecules, only one of them ionises in water to form….

•

•CH3COOH ----------> H+ + CH3COO-

BERITA BAIK UNTUK SEMUA...

Nak ulangkaji.....
Nak belajar sendiri....
Nak cari apa-apa tentang kimia.....

buka alamat ini........ www.gcsescience.com

hendak seribu daya....
tak nak seribu dalih......

TQ

TRANSITION ELEMENTS.............

Copper

Location on the Periodic Table

The transition elements are located in groups 3 to 12 of the periodic table.

Properties

Because they possess the properties of metals, the transition elements are also known as the transition metals. The transition elements have low ionization energies. They exhibit a wide range of oxidation states or positively charged forms. The positive oxidation states allow transition elements to form many different ionic and partially ionic compounds. Thus, the complexes form characteristic colored solutions and compounds. Complexation reactions sometimes enhance the relatively low solubility of some compounds.

Summary of Common Properties

• Low ionization energies
• Positive oxidation states
• Very hard
• High melting points
• High boiling points
• High electrical conductivity
• Malleable
• Five d orbitals become more filled, from left to right on periodic table

METALLOIDS........

Tellurium

Location on the Periodic Table

The metalloids or semimetals are located along the line between the metals and nonmetals in the periodic table. The metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium. Polonium is often considered a metalloid, too.

Properties

The electronegativities and ionization energies of the metalloids are between those of the metals and nonmetals, so the metalloids exhibit characteristics of both classes. Silicon, for example, possesses a metallic luster, yet it is an inefficient conductor and is brittle. The reactivity of the metalloids depends on the element with which they are reacting. For example, boron acts as a nonmetal when reacting with sodium yet as a metal when reacting with fluorine. The boiling points, melting points, and densities of the metalloids vary widely. The intermediate conductivity of metalloids means they tend to make good semiconductors.

Summary of Common Properties

• Electronegativities between those of metals and nonmetals
• Ionization energies between those of metals and nonmetals
• Possess some characteristics of metals/some of nonmetals
• Reactivity depends on properties of other elements in reaction
• Often make good semiconductors

BLUE COLOUR..........

This is COPPER (II) SULPHATE SOLUTION.

It"s BLUE SOLUTION. Please.........remind my colour...

I'm use as ELECTROLYTE in electrolysis process.

I can mantain my colour or bleach to colourless

depend on type of electrode used.